DERIVATIVE HYDROCARBON

The derivative compounds of carbon, namely:
ETHER
 
Ether is an organic compound containing the R-O-R ', with R may be alkyl or aryl. [1] Examples of ether compounds are the most common solvent and anesthetic diethyl ether (ethoxyethane, CH3-CH2-O-CH2-CH3 ). Ether is very common in organic chemistry and biochemistry, because this group is a liaison group in compound carbohydrates and lignin.Molekul-ether molecules can not hydrogen bond with each other, resulting ether compound having a relatively low boiling point compared to alkohol.Eter is slightly because the polar angle COC ether belt is 110 degrees, so it can not negate the CO dipole with each other. Ether more polar than alkenes but not sepolar alcohol, ester, or amide. however, the presence of two lone pairs of electrons on the ether oxygen atom, allowing ether hydrogen bond with the molecules can be separated perfectly air.Eter through cyclic destilasi.Eter such as tetrahydrofuran and 1,4-dioxane are very soluble in water due to over exposure to the oxygen atom of hydrogen bonds compared with other aliphatic ethers.

ESTHER
 
ester is an organic compound formed by the replacement of one (or more) hydroxyl hydrogen atom with an organic group (usually denoted by R '). Oxygen is an amino acid whose molecules have-OH groups are hydrogen (H) may be H + ions. Lot ester has a smell like the smell of fruit, so a lot of taste and aroma compounds used buatan.Ester produced when carboxylic acid is heated with alcohol with the help of acid catalyst. The catalyst is usually concentrated sulfuric acid. Dry hydrogen chloride gas is sometimes used, but their use tends to involve aromatic esters (carboxylic acid ester which contains a benzene ring).
Berdasarkansusunannya ester consisting of:
1.sari fruits, the alkanoic acid esters of low or middle rate.
2.lemak or oil, are esters of glycerol or fatty acids or high middle term.
3.lilin (wax), the high rate of alcohol esters of alkanoic acid and high interest.

ALCOHOL

In chemistry, alcohol (or alkanol) is a general term for any organic compound that has a hydroxyl group (-OH) attached to the carbon atom, which he himself attached to the hydrogen and / or carbon atoms lain.Gugus alcohol functional groups are hydroxyl bound to the carbon sp3 hybridization. There are three main types of alcohol - 'primary', 'secondary and' tertiary '. These names refer to the amount of carbon that is bound to the carbon C-OH. The simplest primary alcohol is methanol. The simplest secondary alcohol is 2-propanol, and the simplest tertiary alcohol 2-methyl-2-propanol.
General chemical formula of alcohol is CnH2n +1 OH '
Name systematic
In the IUPAC nomenclature system, alkane compound names missing suffix "e" and replaced with "ol", eg methane to methanol and ethane into ethanol. [1] When necessary, the position of the hydroxyl group can be seen from the number between the alkane name and the "ol": for CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol, 2-propanol for CH3CH (OH) CH3. If there is a higher functional groups (such as aldehydes, ketones, or carboxylic acids, the prefix is "hydroxy", [1] for example: 1-hydroxy-2-propanone (CH3COCH2OH). [2]
Siat Siat-alcohol:
colored 1.tidak
2.dapat mixed with water in any ratio
3.mudah burned by air produces CO2 and H2O

ALDEHYDE
 
Aldehydes as carbonyl compounds. Simple aldehyde compounds containing a carbonyl group - a double bond C = O. Aldehyde compounds include simple when viewed by the absence of reactive groups such as-OH or-Cl attached directly to the carbon atom in the carbonyl group - as can be found eg in carboxylic acids containing the-COOH group.
1) aldehide compounds with a low number of atoms C (1 s / d 5 C atoms) are
easily soluble in water. While the number of atoms aldehide compound C over 5
poorly soluble in water.

2) can be oxidized to acid Aldehide karboksilatnya

3) Aldehide can be reduced with H2 gas to form primary alcohols.
example:
a) CH3-CHO + H 2 -----------> CH3-CH2-OH
Ethanol ethanal

b) CH3-CH2-CHO + H2 -------> CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
Proponal Propanol

CARBOCXILIC ACID

Alkane derivatives so called alkanoic acids, the functional group-COOH
Carboxylic acid with two-COOH group called alkanadioat acid,
Carboxylic acid with three acidic-COOH group called alkanatrioat.
  Siat-carboxyl acid properties:
Carboxylic acid having 1-4 atoms in the form of liquid, and easily soluble in water
Carboxylic acids having 5-15 carbon atoms in the form of oil
Carboxylic acid having 16 carbon atoms berbentukpadat
A weak acid, the long chain of carbon atoms that nature asm weaker

essence of aromatic carbon?

An aromatic hydrocarbon or arena  
1 (sometimes also called aryl hydrocarbon) 
2 is a hydrocarbon with a single bond or a double bond, and between carbon atoms. Configuration 6 carbon atoms in an aromatic compound called benzene rings. Aromatic hydrocarbons can be monocyclic or polycyclic.
these compounds follow Hückel Rule. In these compounds, at least one carbon atom is replaced by another atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur. One contohn compound is furan, a heterocyclic ring compound having 5 members, one oxygen atom. Another example is pyridine, a heterocyclic ring compound with 6 members, one nitrogen atom.

 Simple aromatic rings, also known as a simple arena or simple aromatic compounds, is an aromatic organic compound that consists only of conjugate planar ring structure with a berdelokalisasi pi electron cloud. Many of simple aromatic ring compounds which have trivial names. Typically, it is found as a substructure of the molecules are more complex. Simple aromatic compounds are commonly found benzene and indole.
Aromatic rings can be a simple heterocyclic compound if it contains non-carbon atoms. It can be monocyclic such as benzene, naphthalene such bicyclic, or polycyclic like anthracene. Simple monocyclic aromatic ring is usually a five-membered ring, as pirola, or six-membered rings, such as pyridine

 Terms aromaticity
  Main article: Aromaticity
• Molecules must be a cyclic.
• Each atom in the ring must have pi orbital, forming a conjugate.
• The molecule must be planar.
• The number of pi electron molecule must be odd and satisfy Hückel rule: (4n +2) pi electrons.
The molecules containing 4n pi electrons are antiaromatik.
Hückel rule determines a planar ring molecules have aromatic properties. This rule was proposed by the German chemist Erich Hückel in 1931.
A planar ring molecules meet Hückel rule, if it has as many as π electron-4N +2, where n is an integer.
From the data aromatics hydrogenation of alkenes are more stable than expected, the stability of the "extra" is caused by a cloud of delocalized electrons, called resonance energy. Criteria for simple aromatic compounds:
1. Meet Hückel rule, have much 4N π electron cloud +2 in the delocalized p-orbital.
2. Shaped planar and cyclic.
3. Each atom in the ring must be able to participate in the delocalization of electrons by having a p-orbital or lone pair.

 PETROLEUM

Octane, hydrocarbons found in gasoline. The lines represents a single bond, a black ball represents carbon, while the white ball represents hydrogen.Petroleum is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, the type most commonly found molecules are alkanes (both straight-chain or branched), cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, or compounds such as aspaltena complex. Each oil has a unique molecular Earth respectively, are known from the physical and chemical characteristics, color, and viscosity.Alkanes, also called paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chain molecules containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen with the general formula CnH2n +2. In general, the Earth oil containing 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule, although the number of carbon molecules with fewer / more may also be present in the mixture.Alkanes from pentane (C5H12) to octane (C8H18) are refined into gasoline, while alkanes kind nonana (C9H20) to hexadecane (C16H34) will be refined into diesel, kerosene and jet fuel). Alkanes with 16 or more carbon atoms will be refined into oil / lubricant. Alkanes with the number of carbon atoms greater, such as paraffin wax having 25 carbon atoms, and the asphalt has more than 35 carbon atoms. Alkanes with the number of carbon atoms 1 to 4 will be a gas at room temperature, and sold as LPG (LPG). In winter, butane (C4H10), used as a blend in gasoline, because of the high vapor pressure of butane will help the engine running in the winter. Another is the use of alkanes as a cigarette lighter. In some countries, propane (C3H8) can be availed under moderate pressure, and community use as a transportation fuel and cooking.Cycloalkanes, also known as naptena, are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more double bond in the carbon, with the general formula CnH2n. Cycloalkanes have characteristics that are similar to alkanes but have higher boiling points.Aromatic hydrocarbons are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon-6 planar rings called benzene rings, where the hydrogen atom will bond with the carbon atom with the general formula CnHn. Such hydrocarbons when burned it will cause black smoke. Some are carcinogenic.All kinds of different molecules above separated by fractional distillation in a refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbons. An example is 2,2,4-trimethylpentanes (isooctane), was used as the main mix in gasoline, has a chemical formula C8H18 and the exothermic reaction with oxygen: [14]2 C8H18 (l) + 25 O2 (g) → 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (g) + 10.86 MJ / mol (of octane)The number of each molecule on Earth oil can be studied in the laboratory. These molecules usually be extracted in a solvent, then separated in the gas chromatograph, and then can be detected by a suitable detector. [15]Incomplete combustion of petroleum Earth or processed products will cause toxic byproducts. For example, too little oxygen is mixed it will produce carbon monoxide. Due to the high temperature and pressure inside the engine, the exhaust gases produced by the engine is usually also contain molecular nitrogen oxides that can cause smog.Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons, the majority of the alkane series, but vary in appearance, composition, and purity. Oil extracted from oil wells in the oil mines. Location of the wells is obtained after going through the process of geological studies, sediment analysis, character and structure of the source, and a variety of other studies. [1] [2] After that, the Earth will be processed in oil refineries where oil and separated the results by boiling point to produce a wide range of fuels, from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and other chemical reagents needed to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. [3] Oil is used to produce a wide variety of goods and material human needs. [4 ]

Why carbon atom can bind rangkap1, 2,3 whereas a class can not be atomic (Si, Ge, Pb) ?

 because the C atom has the electron configuration of 2.4. fourth atomic valence electrons distributed symmetrically on the 4th position, and the ability to bind to the C atom different from another atom.
while the Si atom has a configuration elaktron 2.8,4. has the same valence elaktron atom C however, elaktron lies in the valence shell of silicon atoms C in the third while the second skin, so the atomic radius of Si atoms is greater than C. So Si-H bond in SiH4 bond is weaker than the CH bond in CH4 bond.
C atom has a valence electron atomic radius of the smallest among the atoms of other elements is easier digolongan IVA.Hal C atoms to form covalent bonds with other atoms, especially with H, O, N, and halogen atoms (F, Cl Br, I) formed covalent bonds meet the rules oktet.Atom C can form up to 4 bonds kovalenyang bonds stronger than covalent bonds lainsehingga carbon compounds are stable.

  why gas ethylene / calcium carbide CaC2 (calcium carbide) can ripen fruit?

ethylene gas

Ethylene is a growth hormone that is produced from normal metabolism in plants. Role of ethylene in fruit ripening and leaf loss. Ethylene is also called ethene [1] The compound of ethylene in plants found in the gas phase, so it is also called ethylene gas. Ethylene gas is colorless and volatile

This gas causes the cells of fruit to make all the changes involved with the process of maturation. Such changes include chlorophyll is broken down, causing discoloration, altered starch into sugar and make sweet fruit, causing the fruit acid extract did not feel sour, and dipecahnya pectin that makes fruit softer.

Calcium carbide or carbide is a chemical compound with chemical formula CaC2. Carbide is used in carbide welding process and also to accelerate the maturation of the fruit.
Equation for Calcium Carbide with water is
CaC2 + 2 H2O → C2H2 + Ca (OH) 2
Therefore 1 gram CaC2 produces acetylene 349ml. In the process of carbide welding, acetylene is then burned to produce heat.

Carbide can also be used to ripen fruit. Because carbide reacts with water will produce acetylene gas, which can also speed up the process of artificial ripening. However, the use of carbide often leave traces of arsenic and phosphorus which makes it hazardous to human health.

Carbide are exposed to moisture will produce acetylene gas which has a chemical structure similar to the natural ethylene, a substance that makes the process of maturation in the fruit skin. The fermentation process takes place simultaneously resulting in uneven ripening.

Calcium carbide, carbide we call it, when in contact with water or moisture will produce acetylene gas. Gas is its chemical structure is similar to the natural Ethylene. Because it is filled with acetylene gas, the fruit will ripen simultaneously ferment. Yes, if less ripe fruit will not mature as nicely, because the content of carbohydrates - starch substance is still lacking. Acetylene gas as the light would fly and mixed with air.
The use of calcium carbide does not cause negative impacts. Levels of vitamins and minerals does not change because of the use of this carbide. This is because the carbide is the only chemical that stimulates the formation of ethylene gas which stimulates fruit ripening

HIDROKARBON

Hydrocarbons can be divided into two main groups:
1. aliphatic hydrocarbons, is a straight-chain compounds, chain and chain branches melingka
2. aromatic hydrocarbons., usually containing rings of carbon atoms are very stable. Aromatic hydrocarbons, Based on a multiple carbon-carbon, aliphatic hydrocarbons can still be divided into two sub-groups, namely saturated hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon single bonds, and unsaturated hydrocarbon containing at least one double bond or triple bond .
Hydrocarbons comprising:
1. Alkanes (CnH2n 2)
2. Alkenes (CnH2n)
3. Alkynes (CnH2n-2)

Hydrocarbons are the simplest alkane, a hydrocarbon that contains only single covalent bonds. Hydrocarbons are compounds whose molecular structure consists of hydrogen and carbon. The simplest molecule of the alkane is methane. Methane is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, is a major component of natural gas (Wilbraham, 1992).

Hydrocarbons can be classified according to a variety of carbon-carbon bonds they contain. Hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon single bond has called saturated hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons with two or more carbon atoms having two or three bonds called unsaturated hydrocarbons (Fessenden, 1997).

Hydrogen and its compounds, generally divided into three major groups, namely:

1. Hydrogen consists of aliphatic carbon chain that does not cover cyclic wake. This group is often referred to as the open-chain hydrocarbons or cyclic hydrocarbons.

Examples of saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons:
 

- Unsaturated aliphatic compounds are aliphatic compounds, varying chain C double bond or triple. If you have duplicate named alkenes and alkynes have triple called. Examples of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons:

 
- Cyclic hydrocarbon compound is a compound of carbon chain C and its circular hoop may also bind the side chain. This group divided into alicyclic and aromatic compounds.
 •  alicyclic compounds are aliphatic carbon compounds that form a closed chain.

 
 •  aromatic compounds are compounds composed of six carbon atoms that form a chain C benzene.

MID TEST
Lecturer : Drs. Syamsurizal, M.Ed

21 November 2011 

1.   1   Pure subtance X is solid at room temperature. If the subtance is heated to 230 c is melted gradually. If then cooled to room temperature, the liquid can not be frozen

 

a.      Is it possible X of an element or a compound. Explain it!

 Answer
.a I think X is an element, because according to the explanation about
 X is a pure substance then I can simpulkn senyawa.karena bhwa X is a single compound is a substance formed from multiple elements through chemical reactions and compounds also can be decomposed again into its constituent elements by chemical reactions. For example, dihydrogen monoxide (water, H2O) is a compound consisting of two hydrogen atoms for every oxygen atom

 b.      Does it a chemical chage occured? If so can it be said to undergo an endotherm changing, based on the information provided?

Answer

b.yes,Because change is a process or a chemical reaction can not be That Occurs completely happen, obviously re-forms the endothermic reaction, because there is a decrease in temperature, of the substance with a temperature of 230 dipnaskan pda temperature and then cooled automatic room temperature turun.pada haracteristics of the reaction is endothermic reaction heat and the temperature Decrease require 


 c.       Can it be said that liquid is an element, based on the information provide.

Answer
c. I think not, because the substance X is heated(burned) with a temperature of 230, X reacts with the substance automatic oksiigen to process produced fluidsheted.it so not can be said of an element as it was reacted with compound is the union oksigen.becouse understanding of some elements.


  2.  When a candle that weight 10g is burned in oxygen, carbon dioxide and water vapor formed by combustion the weight more than 10 g. Was this case match with the law of conservation of mass. Explain it!

 Answer
. I think not, this includes deviations masa.becouse conservation laws according to the law of conservation of lavosier Antoni is "the substance before and after the reaction is the same". While on a matter that occurred after the addition of the clearreaktion it so this very defiance of the laws of conservation of the .

3.    3. When carbon burns in oxygen under limited number, it will form two gaseous compounds. Suggest the way to differentiate the two compounds with one another.

Answer. C + O2 CO2  C + 2O2 ⅟ CO
CO, is a colorless gas, odorless, and tasteless. It consists of one carbon atom covalently bonded to one oxygen atom. Carbon monoxide is formed when there is a lack of oxygen in the combustion process.While CO2 or carbonic acid substance is a kind of chemical compound composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a carbon atom. Carbon dioxide is a gas that is colorless and odorless. When inhaled at concentrations much higher than the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere,it will taste sour in the mouth and nose and tenggorokan..While CO is harmful when inhaled substance because it is inhaled toxins.

4.     4. After medelev compiled the periodic table, he concluded that the atomic weight of certain elements wass wrong ruling, and this conclusion wass apparently correct. How mendeleev was able to predict that several atomic weights were wrong? Why his predictions are not always right. Explain

 

 

Answer

I think why Mendeleev could know why predictions about the gold atom is wrong ... because he standardized.
 repeatedly tried to arrange them so often upside down, plus the atomic determine procedure has not been why prediction not always true .... because according to sya mendelev human also weakness to own, plus the equipment to do research dizaman was not too full



5.  When an aqueous solution of merkuri chloride is added to an aqueous solution of silver nitrate, a white solid forms. Identify the white solid and write the balanced equation for the reaction that occurs.

.

AnswerHgCl2 2AgNO3 2AgCl + + Hg (NO3) 2White precipitate was 2AgCl, because if the anion Ag cations reacted with Cl will produce soluble compounds, which form a white precipitate.