PETROLEUM

Octane, hydrocarbons found in gasoline. The lines represents a single bond, a black ball represents carbon, while the white ball represents hydrogen.Petroleum is a mixture of various hydrocarbons, the type most commonly found molecules are alkanes (both straight-chain or branched), cycloalkanes, aromatic hydrocarbons, or compounds such as aspaltena complex. Each oil has a unique molecular Earth respectively, are known from the physical and chemical characteristics, color, and viscosity.Alkanes, also called paraffins, are saturated hydrocarbons with straight or branched chain molecules containing only the elements carbon and hydrogen with the general formula CnH2n +2. In general, the Earth oil containing 5 to 40 carbon atoms per molecule, although the number of carbon molecules with fewer / more may also be present in the mixture.Alkanes from pentane (C5H12) to octane (C8H18) are refined into gasoline, while alkanes kind nonana (C9H20) to hexadecane (C16H34) will be refined into diesel, kerosene and jet fuel). Alkanes with 16 or more carbon atoms will be refined into oil / lubricant. Alkanes with the number of carbon atoms greater, such as paraffin wax having 25 carbon atoms, and the asphalt has more than 35 carbon atoms. Alkanes with the number of carbon atoms 1 to 4 will be a gas at room temperature, and sold as LPG (LPG). In winter, butane (C4H10), used as a blend in gasoline, because of the high vapor pressure of butane will help the engine running in the winter. Another is the use of alkanes as a cigarette lighter. In some countries, propane (C3H8) can be availed under moderate pressure, and community use as a transportation fuel and cooking.Cycloalkanes, also known as naptena, are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more double bond in the carbon, with the general formula CnH2n. Cycloalkanes have characteristics that are similar to alkanes but have higher boiling points.Aromatic hydrocarbons are saturated hydrocarbons which have one or more carbon-6 planar rings called benzene rings, where the hydrogen atom will bond with the carbon atom with the general formula CnHn. Such hydrocarbons when burned it will cause black smoke. Some are carcinogenic.All kinds of different molecules above separated by fractional distillation in a refinery to produce gasoline, jet fuel, kerosene, and other hydrocarbons. An example is 2,2,4-trimethylpentanes (isooctane), was used as the main mix in gasoline, has a chemical formula C8H18 and the exothermic reaction with oxygen: [14]2 C8H18 (l) + 25 O2 (g) → 16 CO2 (g) + 18 H2O (g) + 10.86 MJ / mol (of octane)The number of each molecule on Earth oil can be studied in the laboratory. These molecules usually be extracted in a solvent, then separated in the gas chromatograph, and then can be detected by a suitable detector. [15]Incomplete combustion of petroleum Earth or processed products will cause toxic byproducts. For example, too little oxygen is mixed it will produce carbon monoxide. Due to the high temperature and pressure inside the engine, the exhaust gases produced by the engine is usually also contain molecular nitrogen oxides that can cause smog.Petroleum consists of a complex mixture of different hydrocarbons, the majority of the alkane series, but vary in appearance, composition, and purity. Oil extracted from oil wells in the oil mines. Location of the wells is obtained after going through the process of geological studies, sediment analysis, character and structure of the source, and a variety of other studies. [1] [2] After that, the Earth will be processed in oil refineries where oil and separated the results by boiling point to produce a wide range of fuels, from gasoline and kerosene to asphalt and other chemical reagents needed to make plastics and pharmaceuticals. [3] Oil is used to produce a wide variety of goods and material human needs. [4 ]